Independent Suspension
Independent suspension allows one wheel on an axle to move vertically without a rigid axle forcing the opposite wheel through the same motion.
What independence means
The left and right sides can still be coupled by an anti-roll bar, steering system, subframe, active actuator, or the body itself. “Independent” therefore describes the primary wheel-location geometry, not complete isolation between the wheels.
MacPherson strut, double-wishbone, and many multi-link layouts are independent designs. Their wheel paths, camber and toe changes, motion ratios, packaging, and compliance can differ substantially, so the category alone does not predict comfort or handling.
For the main construction families, see Suspension Construction. For the geometry and forces that determine their behavior, see Suspension Kinematics and Vehicle Dynamics.